Together, these authors provide evidence demonstrating that the use of sound and music may be beneficial in counteracting SI, however, a consensus as to the most appropriate type or design of stimuli to apply is undetermined.
Tassi et al concluded that pink noise (75 dB) can reduce SI when deployed as an intense waking alarm, while Hayashi et al discovered that excitatory music particularly high-preference popular music (60 dB) as chosen by participants has the potential to reduce the intensity of SI after a short nap. In the context of our research, two previous studies present findings on the effects of audio as a countermeasure for SI. Currently experimental countermeasures for SI include caffeine, light, temperature, post-awakening routines, and sound.
Countermeasures are strategies or interventions to be implemented upon waking as opposed to methods that may consider pre-sleep hygiene techniques (routines to assist and promote sleep). Research concerning human factors and psychology has provided initial insights into the application of countermeasures to reduce SI. These figures show alarms are still an important means to assist in awakening, and given the 24-hour society in which we live and work, the need for peak performance from our waking device, the stimuli they produce, and the audio we select, is advantageous to counteract the negative effects of SI. YouGov report that out of 586 participants surveyed, 68.2% use a form of alarm for waking, of these, 23% use an alarm clock, 14.9% a clock radio, and 26.3% an alarm on a cell phone. There has been growing research interest into the mechanics and architecture of SI, however the modalities and means to activate waking remains in its early stages with respect to this issue. The poor decisions made after napping were attributed to the disaster, and have been linked to the effects of SI. It has been shown that the captain of the aircraft had recently woken from an in-flight nap just prior to the crash. This has been highlighted as a likely factor in the 2010 Air India Express air crash disaster that resulted in 158 fatalities. Initiated upon waking, SI’s symptoms can last for seconds, minutes or hours, where extended SI may impact human performance in a variety of situations and occupations. Sleep inertia ( SI) is a transitional sleep-wake phenomenon characterized by low arousal and reduced cognition. NASA astronaut journal report during orbit aboard the International Space Station. My body apparently went on strike for better working conditions.” I slept through two alarms, one set for 0600 and another a half-hour later to remind me to take some CEO pictures. Considering that the implementation of auditory assisted awakening is a common occurrence, the musical elements of a chosen waking sound may be an area to further interrogate with respect to counteracting sleep inertia. Together these findings raise questions regarding the impact melody and rhythm may hold with respect to sleep inertia intensity. Additionally, our secondary analysis revealed that a sound rated as melodic is considered to be more rhythmic than a melodically neutral interpretation.
However, the analysis did reveal that a sound which is ranked as melodic by participants shows a significant relationship to reports of reductions in perceived sleep inertia, and in contrast, sound rated as neutral (neither unmelodic nor melodic) returns a significant relationship to the reports of increases in perceived sleep inertia. Our results did not return any significant association between sleep inertia and the reported waking sound type, nor the subject’s feeling towards their sound. This data enabled the analysis and comparison between these responses to identify statistically significant relationships. Through an anonymous, self-report online questionnaire, fifty participants ( N = 50) reported attributes of their preferred waking sound, their feeling towards the waking sound, and perceived sleep inertia after waking. The goal of this research is to understand how a particular sound or music chosen to assist waking may counteract sleep inertia, and more specifically, what elements of these sounds may contribute to its reduction. The type of sound people set as their alarm for waking has been shown to reduce the effects of sleep inertia, however, the elemental musical factors that underpin these waking sounds and their relationships remain unclear. Sleep inertia is a potentially dangerous reduction in human alertness and occurs 0–4 hours after waking.
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